ISLAM IN SPAIN

I.                   Preface

Islam is a religion with the largest number of adherents in the world. The spread of Islam is also so rapidly cover almost all parts of the continent. Da'wah and its spread continued by the trust delivers this peaceful religion reached the pinnacle of success in areas submission. On this paper will be explained about the influx of Islam in Spain. How clarity the last Islamism on the European continent will be discussed more in here.

II.                Discussion

A.    The coming of Islam in Spain

The beginning of islam in Spain that is when North Africa led by the Caliph Al-Walid I (705-715 CE) who raised Moses ibn Nushair as the new Governor of the substitute Hasan ibn Nu'man. This is where Moses ibn Nushair began to expand his territory by occupying Algeria and Morocco. After that Musa ibn Nushair ibn Malik Tharif sent a confidant of Moses to do reconnaissance and later landed on the small peninsula now called Tarifa.[1]

The success of the conflict saw Tharif ruler of the Kingdom of Spain that caused Western Ghotik Musa ibn Nushair to send a slave named Barbarians Thariq ibn Ziyad with 12,000 troops attacked King Roderick, the last ruler of the Kingdom of the Goths on July 19, 711 at the mouth of the river Barbate. The battle was easily won by the Muslims due to the treachery of political enemies Roderick, who is also wanted by Roderick fell. After entering the Royal capital city of Toledo is Gothic, Thariq ibn Ziyad widened the area of his submission in the absence of meaningful opposition. This is the initial entry of Islam into Spain to spread virtually throughout its territory.

B.     The Periodization of the Umayyad Dynasty and Growing Up in Spain

After the coming of Islam in Spain, the Umayyad Dynasty back rise preceded by ' Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'aawiyah, grandson of Hisham a tenth Caliph of Damascus who escaped the massacre by the Abbasids. He was given the title of Al-inner life (which goes to Spain). The long history of the revival of the Umayyad dynasty for the second time this can be divided into two periods, namely:

1.      First Period (760-912 M)

The first period was started by the founder of the Umayyad Dynasty in Spain back in the ' Abd al-Rahman Al-inner life. At this time the Muslims in Spain began to acquire advances, both in the political sphere as well as in civilization. Other rulers – ruler in this period was Hisham I, Hakam I, ' Abd al-Rahman Al-Awsat, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman, Al-Mundhir ibn Abdullah ibn Muhammad, and Muhammad.

Under the authority of ' Abd al-Rahman I or ' Abd al-Rahman Al-inner life, this new regime following the Abbasid governance patterns, namely by waging a series of local uprisings, and form an army consisting of the clients who come from the region of the Pyrenees. Next ' Abd al-Rahman II (822-852) centralize the Government so that it formed a secretarial class consisting of traders and clients, as well as forming monopolies and the control of the State over the urban markets.[2]

In addition to ' Abd al-Rahman I also founded a mosque Cordova and schools in major cities of Spain. ' Abd al-Rahman II or Abd Al-Aushat is known as a master of the science of love. He has a lot of invites scholars to enliven science. Hisham (788-796) is known in enforcing Islamic law. While Hakam (796-822) is known as the pioneer of the field army, he initiated the mercenaries in Spain.[3]

On the other hand when civilization is developing very rapidly, strife because of opposition from Christian fanatic people keep going came the Martyrdom movements seeking martyrdom. But the most serious political disturbances led by ' Umar ibn Hafsyun. A muslim noble Gothic Western, who led a rebellion with the support of the population around the mountains of Elvira the draining three Amir i.e., Muhammad I (852-886), Al-Mundhir (886-888) and Abdullah (888-912). [4] [5]

2.      Second Period (912-925 M)

This period is preceded by ' Abd al-Rahman III had the title "An-Nasir" until the appearance of Kings or groups called Muluk al-Thawaif. During this period the use of the title Caliph back to use, after nearly 150 years of the Umayyads did not wear it. The great Caliph who led during this period there were three people, namely, ' Abd al-Rahman Al-Nasir (912-961), Hakam II (961-976), and Hisham II (976-978).

At this point, the Muslims were at the height of Spain's progress and triumph, could even be said to rival the golden age of the Abbasid Dynasty in Baghdad. ' Abd al-Rahman Al-Nasir was the founder of the University of Cordova is equipped with a library which has hundreds of thousands of books. Hakam II known as a collector of books and the founder of the library. This is what makes Spain as one of the three world cultural center.

However, at this time also the early destruction of the Umayyad dynasty. Began when Hisham was aged eleven ascended the throne. Later in the year 981 M, he appointed Ibn Abi Amir as holders absolutely. His success in plugging and widen their powers that give him the title Al-Mansur Billah. The triumph of surviving when the throne fell in the hands of his son, Al-Muzaffar, yet after the departure at 1008 M was succeeded by his younger brother who did not have to serve as the master. In a short time, prosperous town was directly hit by the chaos and total destruction. As a result the Caliph withdrew and none of the replacements who could fix this situation. In the year 1013 M, the Council of Ministers abolished the Caliphate. This is the end of the Umayyad dynasty in Spain. Spain and resulted in a split in the myriad small countries.[6]

C.    The Development Of Islam After The Decline Of Umayyad Dynasty

After the decline of the Umayyad Spain, split into dozens of small countries, led by the King's Centre in Seville, Cordova, Toledo etc, but the biggest is Abbadiyah in Seville. Because notice any chance of chaos on political Islam, for the first time Christians did assault.

From 1086 M, Spain was ruled by a single dominant force i.e. Murabithun Dynasty (1130-1143). This dynasty is a religious movement founded by Yusuf ibn Tasfyin in North Africa, with the center of his Kingdom at Marakesy. His return to Spain was an invitation from the Islamic rulers to help him fight the army of Castile, and the battle was defeated in 1062.

However, after Joseph's death his successors were weak rulers of this Dynasty that could not last long and ended in 1143. Replacement for the Murabithun Dynasty was a dynasty of the Muwahhidun. The dynasty founded by Muhammad ibn Tumart was able to master the important Muslim towns like Cordova, Almeria and Granada. A lot of Christian forces struck back and in a fairly short period of time of this dynasty are having a lot of progress. However, in 1212, Christian's Army defeated the dynasty that led the ruler Muwahhidun leave Spain and return to North Africa. The attack after attack by the Christians finally could not be dammed again, which causes the Cordova and Seville falling into the hands of Christian except Granada.

Granada is the territory of Islam as a last defense in Spain. The area under the command of The sons of Amar (1232-1492), and progress as it's so ' Abd An-Nasir. The decline of the last Muslim dynasty due to the existence of a dispute Palace in people fighting over power. Envy Abu Abdullah Muhammad to his father because his other chosen as successor to the King made her father died which resulted in blindness. And Muhammad ibn Sa'ad to topple His successor, Abdullah requested help Ferdenand and Isabella a great Christian ruler of the Kingdom.

After the defeat the last legitimate ruler, Abdullah, ascended the throne. However, of course the Ferdenand and Isabella was not satisfied with it, they want to seize power last Muslims. Because Abdullah could not withstand attacks from both, finally admitted defeat and Abdullah moved to North Africa. So the end of Muslim rule in Spain in 1492 a.d. in 1609 M is arguably no more Muslims in this region because it faced two choices, Christianity or leave Spain had to go.

D.    Advancement Of Civilization

In the Spain of more than seven centuries of Muslim rule in Spain the progress of civilization is one of the three centers of world civilization. Could even say cultural center in Cordova was able to rival the Baghdad, which consequently can be felt even in Europe the world for a taste of a more complex progress.

1.      Intellectual

The Islamic society is pluralist society in Spain which consists of Arab communities (North and South), the Muwalladun (people of Spain who had converted to Islam), the barbarian (Muslims from North Africa), and Al-Shaqalibah (mercenaries who came from the area between Bulgaria and Constantinople), Jewish and Christian Muzareb. It's all a big influential intellectual stock against the formation of the cultural environment that gave birth to the scientific awakening of Andalus, literature, and the construction of the infrastructure of Spain.

Development of science that many drew the attention of the world, especially in the field of Botany, pure, and applied. One of the characters is a fabricated bounds Baytar Ibn al-Jami ' fi Adwiyat al-al-Muadah (the set of utilitarian and medicines) are estimated as outstanding works. Eminent philosopher that doubles as a treatment such as Ibn Bajjah, Ibn Tufail, Averroes, Ibn al-Khatib was instrumental in contribute the science of medicine.

In the field of music and the arts is the main character of Al-Hasan ibn Hanafi dubbed Zaryab. In addition to the well known as a singer, he is also well known as a composer. In language and literature appeared names like Ibn Malik the author of Alfiyah Al-' Iqad al-Farid by Ibn Abd Rabbih.[7]

2.      Splendour of Physical Development

In the course of his progress, civilization not only rapid progress. However, the construction of the infrastructure was also improved. Dams, canals, tertiary, secondary channel bridge-bridge water previously established community does not know it began to appear. Introduction to Hydraulics for the purpose of irrigation. Dam was introduced to check the bulk water. Reservoirs (ponds) created for conservation (water retention).

In physical development, could be seen from the building-construction such as cities, mosques, palaces, residential and parkland. In Cordova, Spain's capital city before Islam established a palace which culminated in the Palace Damsyik were established. Decorated with a river flowing in the middle of town, a garden with trees and flowers are imported directly from the East. Another pride imposing mosque of Cordova. There are also 500 mosques, and half baths.

In Granada we could see Al-Hambra Palace and magnificent as the Centre and the peak height of the famous architecture of Islamic Spain and throughout Europe. The castle is also surrounded by gardens is not less beautiful. The story of the progress of other developmental disabilities can still be found in the beauty of the Palace of Al-Zahra Al-Gazar, palaces, towers, Girilda etc.[8] [9]

E.     Conclusion

Islam in Spain began in 711 until 1492 M. Muslim rule in Spain which is almost Nine centuries it advancing Spain with civilization is so brilliant, in fact became one of the three centers of world civilization. This is where the Umayyad back rose for the second time. Here are some of the factors supporting the advancement of Islamic civilization in Spain:

·         Many powerful rulers and authoritative

·         The existence of religious tolerance

·         The society is pluralist society of Spain

·         There is a unity of the culture of the Islamic world

Some factor in the decline and destruction of Islam in Spain:

·         Islamic Conflict with Christian

·         The absence of a unifying ideology

·         Economic hardship

·         Do not switch power system details

·         Remoteness

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Amir Hasan Siddiqi. Studies In Islamic History. Translated by M.J. Irawan. Cet-I. Bandung: PT Al-Ma’arif, n.d.

Dr. Badri Yatim, M.A. Sejarah Peradaban Islam (Dirasah Islamiyah II). Edited by H.A. Hafiz  Anshari AZ. Cet-I. Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada, 2006.

Ira M. Lapidus. Sejarah Sosial Umat Islam. Translated by Ghufron A. Mas’adi. Cet- I. Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada, 1999.

Philip K. Hitti. HISTORY Of The ARABS. Cet-II. Jakarta: PT SERAMBI ILMU SEMESTA, 2006.

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[1] Philip K. Hitti, HISTORY Of The ARABS, Cet-II (Jakarta: PT SERAMBI ILMU SEMESTA, 2006), 627.

[2] Ira M. Lapidus, Sejarah Sosial Umat Islam, trans. Ghufron A. Mas’adi, Cet- I (Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada, 1999), 583.

[3] Dr. Badri Yatim, M.A., Sejarah Peradaban Islam (Dirasah Islamiyah II), ed. H.A. Hafiz  Anshari AZ, Cet-I (Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada, 2006), 95.

[4] Philip K. Hitti, HISTORY Of The ARABS, 659.

[5] Dr. Badri Yatim, M.A., Sejarah Peradaban Islam (Dirasah Islamiyah II), 96.

[6] Ibid., 96–97.

[7] Amir Hasan Siddiqi, Studies In Islamic History, trans. M.J. Irawan, Cet-I (Bandung: PT Al-Ma’arif, n.d.), 92–93.

[8] Dr. Badri Yatim, M.A., Sejarah Peradaban Islam (Dirasah Islamiyah II), 100–105.

[9] Amir Hasan Siddiqi, Studies In Islamic History, 92–96.